Kombinasi Tematik–Holistik Sebagai Teori Transformasi Hukum Islam: Kajian terhadap Naṣṣ Usia Perkawinan
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Abstract
Alqur’an tidak memberikan batas usia numerik, tetapi menggunakan indikator kualitatif seperti baligh dan rushd (Q.S. al-Nisā’ [4]:6) serta al-bā’ah dalam hadis. Hadis tentang perkawinan Nabi Muhammad dengan ‘Ā’ishah pada usia enam dan sembilan tahun diposisikan sebagai konteks historis yang perlu dibaca ulang secara kritis. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana menggunakan kombinasi tematik-holistik sebagai metode transformasi, rekonstruksi dan relevansi hukum Islam. Melalui metode tematik, seluruh ayat terkait dikumpulkan dan dianalisis berdasarkan konteks partikular (asbāb al-nuzūl dan asbāb al-wurūd) dan nilai universalnya, kemudian disinergikan dan/atau disinkronkan dengan hasil kajian holistik yang memandang Alqur’an sebagai satu kesatuan yang saling menafsirkan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan menikah ditentukan oleh kesiapan fisik (baligh), mental-sosial (rushd), dan orientasi moral, bukan oleh angka usia semata. Indikator kualitatif ini, berdasarkan pertimbangan medis, psikologis, dan sosial kontemporer, secara ideal terpenuhi pada usia 19 tahun. Kesimpulan ini selaras dengan maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah dalam melindungi martabat, kesejahteraan, dan masa depan umat, sekaligus kompatibel dengan hukum positif di Indonesia.
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